Lithium Supply Is Diversifying, But China Controls the Value Chain
Global lithium output is expanding in Australia and Chile, but China dominates processing and battery exports, capturing most of the downstream value.
Global lithium output is expanding in Australia and Chile, but China dominates processing and battery exports, capturing most of the downstream value.
Upstream mineral supply is globally distributed, but China remains the dominant actor in the midstream and downstream battery ecosystem.
China’s dominance in battery-grade processing and cell manufacturing leaves global EV production dependent on two stages of the supply chain.
As China’s export growth becomes more concentrated, a limited number of high-growth segments are combining rapid expansion with meaningful export scale.
Chinese mining M&A surged in 2019-2025, as China locked in supply-critical metals across Africa and Latin America.