There are two distinct roles in the global minerals system: upstream exporters and downstream manufacturing hubs, whose demand for resources continues to rise.
In 2024, the top ten importers bought nearly USD 700 billion more than the top ten exporters supplied.
In 2024, the global commercial services trade reached nearly USD 9 trillion, led by a group of economies with deep capabilities.
Chinese mining M&A surged in 2019-2025, as China locked in supply-critical metals across Africa and Latin America.
China’s import intensity peaked in 2006 and has steadily declined since then as domestic production capacity and internal demand expanded.
China’s trade as a share of GDP rose from 20% in 1980 to a peak of 64% in 2006 before falling to 37% in 2024 as the economy shifted toward domestic consumption.
