
Global Car Markets and the Uneven Transition to Electric Vehicles
Global passenger car sales reached 92 million units in 2025, including more than 20 million EVs, but adoption varies widely across markets.

Global passenger car sales reached 92 million units in 2025, including more than 20 million EVs, but adoption varies widely across markets.

Global copper consumption continues to climb, and mine production expands slowly, while refining and demand remain heavily concentrated in China.

China’s exports to Africa grew 26% in 2025, led by machinery, vehicles and light manufacturing, while imports expanded only modestly.

Total retail sales expanded steadily over the past decade, while online retail grew much faster, lifting digital penetration to 32% by 2025.

Industrial demand is concentrated in the U.S., China and the EU, while a new generation of emerging markets is expanding in global production.

China’s crude steel output has stabilised near peak levels while India expands rapidly, reflecting a gradual rebalancing of global steel demand.