
China’s Consumer Spending Expanded Modestly in 2025, But Momentum Softened at Year-End
Retail sales improved marginally year-on-year, supported by resilient online spending and stronger rural consumption.

Retail sales improved marginally year-on-year, supported by resilient online spending and stronger rural consumption.

Real GDP growth varies widely across Asia despite broadly similar population dynamics.

Primary commodities accounted for 69% of export earnings in 2025, anchoring Brazil’s global relevance in food, energy, and metals.

China’s 2025 expansion reflects steady export growth and a return to mid-single-digit overall trade momentum.

Machinery, electronics and vehicles dominate China’s Latin America export basket, driven by Mexico and Brazil.

Exports have stagnated over the past decade, while imports have risen steadily, reinforcing MENA’s demand-led growth story.